\r\n\r\n“Every language, endangered or otherwise, is an independent reflection of how a particular group of people has conceptualized the world and the human condition over the course of its history.”
\r\n - Kenneth Van Bik, CSUF assistant professor of linguistics\r\n
Colonization and the passing of generations are threatening the disappearance of global languages.
\r\n \r\n }\r\n >\r\nWith more than half of the world’s 6,500 languages headed toward extinction, Cal State Fullerton linguistics researchers are working to document them before they are forever lost.
\r\n \r\n }\r\n >\r\nFrom Africa and Asia to Oceania and North America, Cal State Fullerton linguistics faculty members are working to document and preserve several of the world’s endangered languages.
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\r\n Languages studied: Purisimeño, Ventureño (Chumashan languages)
\r\n Region: U.S., Central Coast of California
\r\n Status of language: Extinct
\r\n Funding source: National Endowment for the Humanities\r\n
What does your research entail? My current research project aims to produce a grammatical description and a lexicon of the Purisimeño language. A lexicon is similar to a dictionary, but it typically includes fewer entries and less analysis because there is less data to work with. My methodology involves reading and analyzing the Purisimeño linguistic notes of John Peabody Harrington and other scholars who recorded the language in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
\r\n\r\nHow did the languages become endangered? Purisimeño and other Chumashan languages became endangered during the period of Spanish missionization in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Missionization included forced relocations, conversion to Catholicism, and stigmatization of their languages and cultures. Disease also reduced Indigenous population numbers.
\r\n\r\nWhy is it important to study such languages? For a language to move out of an endangered or more severe status, it needs to gain more native speakers than it loses. It will be difficult for Purisimeño to move out of its current status given the relatively small amount of data on the language, but certainly some fluency in the language could be gained if one had access to a grammar and a lexicon.
\r\n\r\nOne interesting fact about the languages: Purisimeño and other Chumashan languages are quite different from many of the largest modern languages. The languages have an extensive number of consonants, including a type of consonant known as an ejective. This is written with an apostrophe over a consonant symbol: p̓, t̓, k̓, q̓, s̓, š̓, ts̓, tš̓. The languages also prefer to put the verb at the beginning of a sentence, which differs from many languages in Europe and Asia that put the verb in the middle of the sentence (English, French, German, Mandarin) or at the end of the sentence (Korean, Mongolian, Japanese).
\r\n\r\n Languages studied: Sundanese
\r\n Region: Indonesia
\r\n Status of language: Diminishing
\r\n Funding source: Intramural grants\r\n\r\n
What does your research entail? I work with native speakers of the languages with the goal of describing and documenting their languages.
\r\n\r\nHow did the language become endangered? Sundanese is suffering what I call “functional attrition,” which means that it is used in fewer and fewer areas of life as speakers move to the national language, Indonesian.
\r\n\r\nWhy is it important to study such languages? Each language — in its vocabulary, its grammar and in its unique conventions of using language — represents a unique creation and a unique way of understanding the world. If a language dies before it has been properly documented, this understanding is irretrievably lost.
\r\n\r\nOne interesting fact about the language: Sundanese used to be more widely spoken throughout the western half of the island of Java, but it was gradually replaced in the central areas of the island by the Javanese language of east and central Java, as well as by the growth of the Malay-speaking area of Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia.
\r\n\r\n Languages studied: Kinande (Bantu language)
\r\n Region: Democratic Republic of the Congo
\r\n Status of language: Diminishing
\r\n Funding source: College of Humanities and Social Sciences research and writing stipends\r\n
What does your research entail? I am working with Philip Ngessimo Mutaka — native speaker, linguist and visiting scholar from the University of Yaounde 1 in Cameroon — to write a grammar of Kinande, which belongs to the Bantu family of languages. Mutaka is documenting the sound system and socio-linguistic aspects of the language, and I am documenting the syntax and morphology (word structure) of the language. We plan to make our grammar available to all readers through open access.
\r\n\r\nHow did the language become endangered? Kinande is a regional language in a post-colonial rule. Since the DRC was colonized by Belgium, school children are taught almost exclusively in French. This puts them at a major educational disadvantage from the beginning of their school career as they do not natively speak the language of the educational system. Kinande is spoken by about one million people, but will almost certainly become endangered because it has no official writing system and is not taught in schools in the DRC.
\r\n\r\nWhy is it important to study such languages? The cultural and cognitive knowledge contained in Kinande is important to document as it is a rich and valuable system of knowledge, and contributes to our understanding of how language works in the human mind. It also can be used to develop educational materials related to Kinande and adds to our appreciation of the culture of the Nande people.
\r\n\r\n\r\n One interesting fact about the language: Kinande has the longest word of any Bantu language as far as we know (it’s a sentence in English, but a single word in Kinande):
\r\n tunémundisyátásyayabakinguliranisiákyô
\r\n “We will make it possible one more time for them to open it for each other.”\r\n
\r\n Languages studied: Samoan
\r\n Region: Oceania
\r\n Status of language: Diminishing
\r\n Funding source: Intramural grants\r\n\r\n
What does your research entail? I work with native speakers of the languages with the goal of describing and documenting their languages.
\r\n\r\nHow did the language become endangered? Samoan is still healthy in Samoa itself but has been increasingly displaced by English, especially in American Samoa.
\r\n\r\nWhy is it important to study such languages? Each language — in its vocabulary, its grammar and in its unique conventions of using language — represents a unique creation and a unique way of understanding the world. If a language dies before it has been properly documented, this understanding is irretrievably lost.
\r\n\r\nOne interesting fact about the language: There is a sizable Samoan community in Orange County, around Garden Grove.
\r\n\r\n\r\n Languages studied: Lamtuk-Ruavan, Mkang, Tapong, Taungtha
\r\n Region: Chin State, Myanmar (Burma)
\r\n Status of language: Endangered
\r\n Funding source: National Science Foundation\r\n\r\n
What does your research entail? Traveling to the research sites in Chin State, Myanmar; working with members of language communities to document the languages; presenting the research findings in conferences; and writing peer-reviewed articles based on the research findings.
\r\n\r\nHow/why did the languages become endangered? First, their population dwindled due to migration. And, most significantly, they face the social and political pressure from the local and national dominant languages.
\r\n\r\nWhy is it important to study such languages? Every language, endangered or otherwise, is an independent reflection of how a particular group of people has conceptualized the world and the human condition over the course of its history. The study and documentation of such unique knowledge encoded in their languages is a very important mission of linguistic research.
\r\n\r\nOne interesting fact about the languages: The speakers of these languages are multilingual speakers. For example, a Lamtuk speaker is conversational in Sakta (a neighboring Lai dialect), Hakha Lai (the dominant local language) and Burmese (the national language of Myanmar).
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